Dug’s Automata Tips, Techniques and Tricks No.5

A Man of Many Faces: a Prototype Wooden Head from Basic Shapes
Creating interesting characters is an important part of making a wood automaton because they are often the actors on the mechanically-driven stage. In this article, we will make a generic male head that does not require woodcarving skills or special tools. This head can be modified to create countless different characters for your projects.

What You Will Need
The project requires some pre-cut wood shapes and a few hand tools. The wooden shapes are available at craft stores or online and are sold in a variety of sizes. The exact size isn’t as important as their sizes relative to each other.

Wood Shapes
1. Hardwood egg – 1 3/8 inches long (approximately 35 mm)
2. Dowel – a short length, 3/8 inch diameter (approximately 10 mm)
3. 5 pointed star – 1 inch from tip to tip (approximately 25 mm)

Tools
1. Pencil and eraser
2. Sandpaper – 150 grit or similar
3. Hobby saw – such as an X-acto or Zona Razor saw
4. Drill or pin vice with a small drill bit – I used a 3/32 inch (2.4 mm) bit
5. Cyanoacrylate glue – common brands include Krazy Glue and Super Glue

Faces: The Same, but Different
The funny thing about human faces is they are all roughly the same. It may not seem possible, but facial proportions only vary by small amounts. By using these common proportions, we can create a fairly standard head to work with. Another important thing to note is that the human head is not spherical. The head is shaped much more like an upside down egg, so that’s exactly what we will use.

Layout the Lines
We are going to follow a simple rule-of-thumb method for facial proportions used by artists and cartoonists. Let’s draw some pencil lines on the wooden egg to aid us in positioning the features of the face.

Step 1. Divide the upside down egg in half with a vertical and a horizontal line.
Step 2. Divide the horizontal line into 4 equal parts by adding two short marks.
Step 3. Divide the lower half of the vertical line into 5 equal parts with short marks.

The vertical reference line is the centerline of the face on which the nose and mouth will be placed. The horizontal reference line will help us locate the eyes and ears.

Drill Some Eyes
There are many ways to create eyes, but for our purposes small holes will work. Drill holes at the two points on the horizontal line located on either side of the vertical center line. Try to drill the holes such that they face forward. You don’t need to drill a deep hole — an 1/8 (or 3.2 mm) of an inch will do. That’s it!

Create a Nose
Take the star shape and cut off two of the tips in one cut of the hobby saw. You will only need one of the two pieces created, but it is good to have a spare. The nose should start at the horizontal reference line and extend down two marks. Wrap a bit of sandpaper around a piece of dowel and sand the surface that will be glued to the egg into a slight concave shape.

When the nose is the right length and fits the contour of the egg well, glue it to the face with some cyanoacrylate glue, making sure to center it on the vertical reference line. Once the glue has dried, use sandpaper to round the front edges on both sides of the nose. You can also sand down the corners on the bottom of the nose on both sides.

Make the Ears
Saw a 1/8 inch slice off the end of the dowel and then cut it into two equal halves. Round the flat sides of the two semicircles so that they conform to the side surfaces of the egg. Position the ears just past the center line of the egg when viewing the face in profile. The tops of the ears should be about even with the eyes. I like to tilt the upper portion of the ears back a little. Glue the ears in place. Once the glue has dried, sand the lower portion of the ears so they are larger at the top and smaller at the bottom.

Adding a Mouth
Because we will be experimenting with the mouth later, just make a very short cut with a hobby saw on the line directly below the nose (i.e. the third one down from the horizontal reference line). Clean up all of the pencil lines with an eraser.

Congratulations, you have just made a prototype wooden head! Your head should look something like the one shown here.

Experimenting with Features
Now it’s time to have some fun experimenting with facial features. Grab a pencil and start drawing, keeping your lines light so they can be erased easily.

Things to try:
- Eyebrows – high and low, thick and thin, different angles
- Mouth – thin lines and shapes that look like an open mouth, centered and off-center
- Wrinkles – under the eyes, around the mouth, and on the forehead
- Hair – more and less, various hairlines and patterns
- Facial hair – moustache, beard, sideburns
- Miscellaneous details – freckles, scars, whiskers, eyeglasses, eye patch, etc.

Draw a face, and note the effect produced by the placement of certain features. Erase what you have done and create an entirely different face. Repeat the process!

Once you settle on something, you can use paints to make the features permanent. Additional variations can be obtained by making very small changes to the position of the eyes, nose, and mouth. If you like, spend some time shaping the nose, ears, and contours of the face, as well as the shape of the head itself. Of course, you can also add materials for things such as hair, clothing, jewelry, eyeglasses, and hats. The combinations are almost endless. Now: go make somebody!

For a list of materials and further reading visit Dug’s Tools and References page.

Dug’s Automata Tips, Techniques and Tricks
A quarterly column by automata-maker and enthusiast Dug North

Copyright 2011 Dug North

Warning: The topics covered in this column include the use of tools and materials that have the potential to cause damage to property and/or bodily injury. Your safety is important and it is your sole responsibility. Always read and follow the safety instructions that come with tools and materials you use. Wear safety glasses, use guards and other forms of safety equipment, follow safety precautions, and use good judgment. Seek the guidance of experienced outside sources whenever required.

Dug’s Automata Tips, Techniques and Tricks – Tools and References

This is a list of related books, materials and tools which may be helpful when reading articles from our blog series Dug’s Automata Tips, Techniques and Tricks.

Wood Shapes

Hardwood eggs – Woodworks – UK, US
3/8 inch dowels – Amazon UK, US
Assorted wooden stars – Amazon UK, US

Hobby saws

Razor Saw – Amazon UK, US
Hobby saw miter box – Amazon UK, US
Pin vise set – Amazon UK, US

Further Reading

The Artist’s Complete Guide to Facial Expression – Amazon UK, US
Cartooning the Head and Figure – Amazon UK, US
Facial Expressions: A Visual Reference for Artists – Amazon UK, US

A Literary Feast by Fi Henshall

The latest automata edition from Fi Henshall features a beautiful but hungry bird, intent on devouring the book ‘Beasts’ by R C Bird.
Great style and movement.
This piece will be produced in an edition, and details may vary slightly. (Bespoke book title requests will be considered).

W 10cm
D 10cm
H 13cm

£195 (Excl. VAT)

See more pictures in the shop here.

Sketchbook Moment No. 53

Are we in Arizona? Nope, Texas Pop. 181

Click image to enlarge.

The Turk – A Machine that Draws Forever by Paul Spooner

Paul Spooner’s latest piece in his series of machines which draw forever is a homage to the famous Chess Playing Turk automaton.

The New Turk is built on the standard chassis design of P. Spooner Stithians’s popular “Clever Hans” model but with a host of add-on goodies. The Turk, in this version, has tired of the usual challenges to his mechanical prowess and has set aside his chess set, Rubik’s Cube and Sudoku to embark on the incredible feat of Drawing Forever.

£2750 (excl. VAT)

Sold.

You can see more pictures and read the full story here.